please answer Even 1 will help:
1)How is an earthquake magnitude scale related to the amounts of energy released by earthquakes?
2)What are the major dangers to people from an earthquake?
3)Name three methods of improving a building's safety before an earthquake.
4) What might people living next to the ocean do to protect themselves if they were given a two-hour warning of an approaching tsunami?
5) If you lived in an area where earthquakes were common, what could you do to make your home safer?
6) Earthquakes release stress that has built up in rocks. Why do you think aftershocks occur?
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How is an earthquake magnitude scale related to the amounts of energy released by earthquakes?
The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude ML scale, assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. It is a base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest displacement from zero on a Wood–Anderson torsion seismometer output. So, for example, an earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times larger than one that measures 4.0. The effective limit of measurement for local magnitude is about ML = 6.8.
Though still widely reported, the Richter scale has been superseded by moment magnitude scale which gives generally similar values.
The energy release of an earthquake, which closely correlates to its destructive power, scales with the 3?2 power of the shaking amplitude. Thus, a difference in magnitude of 1.0 is equivalent to a factor of 31.6 ( = (101.0)(3 / 2)) in the energy released; a difference of magnitude of 2.0 is equivalent to a factor of 1000 ( = (102.0)(3 / 2) ) in the energy released. [1]
What are the major dangers to people from an earthquake?
Earthquakes really pose little direkids click sciencect danger to a person. People can't be shaken to death by an earthquake. Some movies show scenes with the ground suddenly opening up and people falling into fiery pits, but this just doesn't happen in real life.
The Effect of Ground Shaking
The first main earthquake hazard (danger) is the effect of ground shaking. Buildings can be damaged by the shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a different level than it was before the earthquake (subsidence).
Name three methods of improving a building's safety before an earthquake.
An earthquake-loss-reduction program entails three basic elements: (1) understanding the nature and extent of the earthquake risk, (2) taking actions to reduce the risks and (3) establishing policy to guide the development of effective risk-reduction programs. Gori (1984) presents a collection of papers that provide practical information on improving the level of earthquake hazard mitigation and preparedness.
4) What might people living next to the ocean do to protect themselves if they were given a two-hour warning of an approaching tsunami?
1. If an earthquake occurs that is so strong that you cannot stand up and you are on the coast or on the beach, be aware that a Tsunami may follow
2. If the ocean recedes to reveal the ocean bottom, be aware that this is a Tsunami and the next wave will very soon flood coast lines
3. If you hear a roar like a train, this may be a sign that Tsunami waves are fast approaching
4. Tsunami waves attack for many hours and the first wave may not be the largest.
Natural warning signs of tsunamis include ground shaking from earthquakes and unusual sea-level fluctuations, wave forms, and sounds. These signs can alert people to impending tsunamis, but no research has explored the recognizability of these signs or the social-cognitive factors that affect human behavioral response to them. Of 663 interviewees, 24% felt ground shaking during the eakids click sciencerthquake; 69% saw something unusual about the ocean before the first wave reached land, mostly a receded shoreline; and 55% heard something unusual. Despite these levels of observation, most people did not evacuate. In fact, 65% saw other people in the danger zone at the time of the tsunami impact. Most respondents had to run for their lives but could not identify a safe place. There are major differences in experience among north, central, and southern coastal Thailand, reflecting social, topographical, and hydrological factors.
If you lived in an area where earthquakes were common, what could you do to make your home safer?
You should contact the local authorities, and ask them for help. While you're waiting, you can make sure there isn't anything that can crash down on you when an earthquake strikes. Also be sure to cloase all windows, and hide in the cellar or basement, but NOT near any glass.
6) Earthquakes release stress that has built up in rocks. Why do you think aftershocks occur?
It is caused by vibrations (waves) transmitted in the earth produced by rapid release of energy from elastic energy stored in rocks. This energy is built up along faults because of large scale movements in the earth, and is released when the fault moves. The "point" where the energy is released is called the focus and the "elastic waves" are generated here. They spread in all directions from the focus.
We will see that the earth is composed of moving plates and at the boundaries of these plates elastic strain builds up and the rocks deform. The Denali fault in Alaska had lateral movement of about 25 ft. (as shown in the diagram at the right) and had a magnitude of 7.9. This build up of strain along the San Andreas fault prior to th
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